La evolución a largo plazo de las lesiones precancerosas

La mujer que ha sufrido una lesión precancerosas de cuello uterino o vagina, tiene mayor riesgo de sufrir un cáncer invasor de esas localizaciones. Por eso los expertos consideran necesario el control estrecho durante 25 años cuando se ha tenido el diagnóstico de carcinoma in situ (CIS).

Aunque el CIS no es un auténtico cáncer, por tratarse de una lesión superficial no invasora, existe mayor riesgo de cáncer invasor según los resultados del Registro Sueco del Cáncer. El seguimiento de 132.493 mujeres con displasia/CIS, entre los años 1958 y 2002, ha demostrado que 881 mujeres desarrollan cáncer de cérvix y 111 cáncer de vagina. El riesgo representa el doble del que tiene la población general. El riesgo de cáncer cervical es especialmente alto en las mujeres de más de 50 años. Por su parte, el cáncer de vagina se multiplica por 7 en las mujeres con displasia previa.

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BMJ, doi:10.1136/bmj.39363.471806.BE
Long term risk of invasive cancer after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3: population based cohort study

Objective To study the long term risk of invasive cancer of the cervix or vagina after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3. Design Prospective cohort study.
Setting Swedish cancer registry. Participants All women in Sweden with severe dysplasia or cervical carcinoma in situ (equivalent to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3) treated during 1958-2002 (n=132 493) contributing 2 315 724 woman years. Main outcome measures Standardised incidence ratios with risk of cancer in the Swedish general female population as reference, and relative risks in multivariable log-linear regression model, with internal references. Results Women with previous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 had an increased risk of invasive cervical cancer compared with the general female population (standardised incidence ratio 2.34, 95% confidence interval 2.18 to 2.50). The increased risk showed a decreasing trend with time since diagnosis for women treated later than 1970 but the risk was still increased after 25 years. An effect of age was found, with an accentuated increase in risk for women aged more than 50. The excess risk for cervical cancer associated with previous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 has steadily increased since 1958. For vaginal cancer the standardised incidence ratio was 6.82 (5.61 to 8.21) but this decreased to 2.65 after 25 years. Adjustments in the multivariable log-linear regression model did not substantially alter these results. Conclusions Women previously treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 are at an increased risk of developing invasive cervical cancer and vaginal cancer. This risk has increased since the 1960s and is accentuated in women aged more than 50. The risk is still increased 25 years after treatment.

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